Vatican to return artifacts to Canada’s Indigenous groups

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The Vatican is expected to soon announce that it will return a few dozen artefacts sought by Indigenous communities in Canada as part of its reckoning with the Catholic Church`s troubled role in helping suppress Indigenous culture in the Americas, officials said on Wednesday.

The items, including an Inuit kayak, are part of the Vatican Museum`s ethnographic collection, known as the Anima Mundi museum. The collection has been a source of controversy for the Vatican amid the broader museum debate over the restitution of cultural artefacts taken from Indigenous peoples during colonial periods.

Negotiations on returning the Vatican items accelerated after Pope Francis in 2022 met with Indigenous leaders who had travelled to the Vatican to receive his apology for the church`s role in Canada`s disastrous residential schools. During their visit, they were shown some objects in the collection, including wampum belts, war clubs and masks, and asked for them to be returned.

Francis later said he was in favour of returning the items and others in the Vatican collection on a case-by-case basis, saying: `In the case where you can return things, where it`s necessary to make a gesture, better to do it.`

The Canadian Catholic Conference of Bishops said Wednesday it has been working with Indigenous groups on returning the items to their `originating communities.` It said it expected the Holy See to announce the return. Vatican and Canadian officials said they expected an announcement in the coming weeks, and that the items could arrive on Canadian soil before the end of the year.

The Globe and Mail newspaper first reported on the progress in the restitution negotiations.

Most of the items in the Vatican collection were sent to Rome by Catholic missionaries for a 1925 exhibition in the Vatican gardens that was a highlight of that year`s Holy Year.

Doubt cast on whether the items were freely given
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The Vatican insists the items were `gifts` to Pope Pius XI, who wanted to celebrate the church`s global reach, its missionaries and the lives of the Indigenous peoples they evangelised.

But historians, Indigenous groups and experts have long questioned whether the items could really have been offered freely, given the power imbalances at play in Catholic missions at the time. In those years, Catholic religious orders were helping to enforce the Canadian government`s policy of eliminating Indigenous traditions, which Canada`s Truth and Reconciliation Commission has called `cultural genocide.`

The return of the items will follow the `church-to-church` model the Vatican used in 2023, when it gave its Parthenon Marbles to the Orthodox Christian Church in Greece. The three fragments were described by the Vatican as a `donation` to the Orthodox church, not a state-to-state repatriation to the Greek government.

In this case, the Vatican is expected to hand over the items to the Canadian bishops conference, with the explicit understanding that the ultimate keepers will be the Indigenous communities, a Canadian official said Wednesday, speaking on condition of anonymity because the negotiations are not concluded.

What happens after the items are returned
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The items, accompanied by whatever provenance information the Vatican has, will be taken first to the Canadian Museum of History in Gatineau, Quebec. There, experts and Indigenous groups will try to identify where the items originated, down to the specific community, and what should be done with them, the official said.

The official declined to say how many items were under negotiation or who decided what would be returned, but said the total numbered `a few dozen.`

The aim is to get the items back this year, the official said, noting the 2025 Jubilee, which celebrates hope, and the centenary of the 1925 Holy Year that was the reason for the items to be brought to Rome in the first place.

The 1925 exhibit is now so controversial that its 100th anniversary has been virtually ignored by the Vatican, which celebrates a lot of anniversaries.

The Assembly of First Nations said some logistical issues need to be finalised before the objects can be returned, including establishing protocols.

`For First Nations, these items are not artefacts. They are living, sacred pieces of our cultures and ceremonies and must be treated as the invaluable objects that they are,` National Chief Cindy Woodhouse Nepinak told Canadian Press.

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